Uploads

Lead Research

Some Practical Problems and Solutions in Lead Poisoning Prevention Programs: An Overview of the Conference
Rogan WJ • In: Lead Absorption in Children: Management, Clinical, and Environmental Aspects • 1982 •
Childhood Lead Poisoning: Current Perspectives (Proceedings)
HRSA Bureau of Maternal and Child Health • National Conference Proceedings • 1987 •
Low-Level Lead Exposure and the IQ of Children
Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA • JAMA • 1990 •
Management of Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Survey
Glotzer DE, Bauchner H • Pediatrics • 1992 •
Lead Toxicity in the 21st Century: Will We Still Be Treating It?
Needleman HL, Jackson RJ • Pediatrics • 1992 •
Exaggerated Threat of Childhood Lead Poisoning in California: Epidemic by Edict
Schoen EJ • Ann Intern Med • 1992 •
An Assessment of the Hazards of Lead in Food
Carrington CD, Bolger PM • Regul Toxicol Pharmacol • 1992 •
Lead Toxicity in the 21st Century: Will We Still Be Treating It? [Response]
Schoen EJ • Pediatrics • 1992 •
Reply to Ernhart and Scarr
Needleman HL • Reply letter • 1993 •
Responses to Childhood Lead Poisoning: The Promise and Abandonment of Primary Prevention
Multiple correspondents • Am J Public Health letters • 1998 •
Childhood Lead Poisoning: The Promise and Abandonment of Primary Prevention
Needleman HL • Am J Public Health • 1998 •
Issues Regarding Blinded, Randomized Studies in the NIH Intramural Research Program
NIH OHSR • NIH Intramural Research • 2000 •
Characterization of Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics with Linear Systems Theory: Application to Lead-Associated Cognitive Decline
Links JM, Schwartz BS, Simon D, et al • Environ Health Perspect • 2001 •
What Is Not Found in the Spreadsheets
Needleman HL • Neurotoxicol Teratol • 2002 •
Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 µg/dL
Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, et al • N Engl J Med • 2003 •
Safety Monitoring (Court Filing)
Rogan WJ • Court Filing • 2007 •
Cumulative Lead Dose and Cognitive Function in Adults: A Review of Studies That Measured Both Blood Lead and Bone Lead
Shih RA, Hu H, Weisskopf MG, Schwartz BS • Environ Health Perspect • 2007 •
Improving the Reporting of Pragmatic Trials: CONSORT Extension
Zwarenstein M, Treweek S, Gagnier JJ, et al • BMJ • 2008 •
Age of Greatest Susceptibility to Childhood Lead Exposure: A New Statistical Approach
Hornung RW, Lanphear BP, Dietrich KN • Environ Health Perspect • 2009 •
Review of Succimer for Treatment of Lead Poisoning
Volans GN, Karalliedde L, Wiseman HM • WHO • 2010 •
Applied Longitudinal Analysis
Fitzmaurice GM, Laird NM, Ware JH • Wiley (textbook) • 2012 •
Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review
Cantor AG, Hendrickson R, Blazina I, et al • JAMA • 2019 •
Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Cantor AG, Hendrickson R, Blazina I, et al • AHRQ Evidence Synthesis • 2019 •
How Effective Are Secondary Interventions at Improving Health Outcomes in Children Exposed to Lead?
Bui LT, Shadbegian R, Klemick H, et al • Review of Environmental Economics and Policy • 2024 •
Revolutionary Advances in Lead Neurotoxicity Research: Critical Windows and Cumulative Exposure Effects
Anonymous • Independent review • 2025 •
Definitions of Validity Terms for Use in Discussions of Randomized Controlled Trials
Yazdani Y, Taljaard M, Zwarenstein M • J Clin Epidemiol • 2025 •
Literature Review: Sternal Wound Infection (Compiled)
Compiled review • Compiled Review • 2026 •
Re-Examining the Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial: Impact on Guidelines and Policy
Schwartz DP • AOHC 2026 abstract preview • 2026 •
Re-Examining TLC
Schwartz DP • Project brief • 2026 •

Succimer

Mobilization and Redistribution of Lead Over the Course of Calcium Disodium EDTA Chelation Therapy
Cory-Slechta DA, Weiss B, Cox C • J Pharmacol Exp Ther • 1987 •
Dose-Response Study of Oral DMSA in Children
Graziano JH, Lolacono NJ, Meyer P • J Pediatr • 1988 •
Urinary Excretion of meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid in Human Subjects
Vasken Aposhian H, Maiorino RM, Dart RC, Perry DF • Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics • 1989 •
MESO-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: Chemical, Pharmacological and Toxicological Properties of an Orally Effective Metal Chelating Agent
Aposhian HV • Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol • 1990 •
Evaluation of the Potential Role of Chelation Therapy in Treatment of Low-to-Moderate Lead Exposure
Chisolm JJ Jr • Environ Health Perspect • 1990 •
Succimer — Controversial Issues Involving the Release of a New Product
Banner W • Clinical Pharmacy • 1991 •
Succimer, an Oral Lead Chelator
Mann K v., Travers JD • Clinical Pharmacy • 1991 •
An Oral Treatment for Lead Toxicity
Thomas PS, Ashton C • Postgrad Med J • 1991 •
Unanswered Questions in Metal Chelation
Kosnett MJ • Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology • 1992 •
Use of Succimer
Marcus SM, Ruck B • Clinical Pharmacy • 1992 •
Chelation Therapy for Childhood Lead Poisoning: The Changing Scene in the 1990s
Mortensen ME, Walson PD • Clin Pediatr • 1993 •
Succimer Shows Short-Term Efficacy in Children with Lead Poisoning
Anonymous • Adis Evaluation • 1994 •
Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children's IQ: A Meta-Analysis and Search for a Threshold
Schwartz J • Environmental Research • 1994 •
Management of Childhood Lead Poisoning: Clinical Impact and Cost-Effectiveness
Glotzer DE, Freedberg KA, Bauchner H • Med Decis Making • 1995 •
Commonly Asked Questions About Childhood Lead Poisoning
Glotzer DE, Weitzman M • Pediatric Annals • 1995 •
Safety and Efficacy of Meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) in Children with Elevated Blood Lead Concentrations
Chisolm JJ • Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology • 2000 •
Succimer Chelation Improves Learning, Attention, and Arousal Regulation in Lead-Exposed Rats
Stangle DE, Smith DR, Beaudin SA, et al • Environmental Health Perspectives • 2007 •
Another Look at Succimer: Cognitive Deficits May Be Reversible After All
Washam C • Environmental Health Perspectives • 2007 •
Use of Oral DMSA (Succimer) in Adult Patients with Inorganic Lead Poisoning
Bradberry S, Sheehan T, Vale A • QJM • 2009 •
The Scientific Basis for Chelation: Animal Studies and Lead Chelation
Smith D, Strupp BJ • J Med Toxicol • 2013 •

Iron & Nutrition

No Difference in Iron Status Between Children with Low and Moderate Lead Exposure
Serwint JR, Damokosh AI, Berger OG, et al • J Pediatr • 1999 •
Iron Assessment to Protect the Developing Brain
Georgieff MK • Am J Clin Nutr • 2017 •
Chronic Iron Deficiency and Cognitive Function in Early Childhood
Gingoyon A, Borkhoff CM, Koroshegyi C, et al • Pediatrics • 2022 •

Critiques of TLC

Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children
Rhoads GG, Rogan WJ • Pediatrics • 1996 •
Tracing the Origins of the TLC
Schwartz D • Unpublished • 2026 •

Background Literature

Pre-Existing

Childhood Lead Poisoning: Current Perspectives (HRSA Proceedings)
HRSA Bureau of Maternal and Child Health • 1987
Lead Wars
Book
Responses to Childhood Lead Poisoning: The Promise and Abandonment of Primary Prevention
Multiple correspondents • 1998
Low-Level Lead Exposure and the IQ of Children
Needleman HL, Gatsonis CA • 1990
Lead Toxicity in the 21st Century: Will We Still Be Treating It?
Needleman HL, Jackson RJ • 1992
Reply to Ernhart and Scarr
Needleman HL • 1993
Childhood Lead Poisoning: The Promise and Abandonment of Primary Prevention
Needleman HL • 1998
What Is Not Found in the Spreadsheets
Needleman HL • 2002
Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (Letter)
Rhoads GG, Rogan WJ • 1996
Exaggerated Threat of Childhood Lead Poisoning in California
Schoen EJ • 1992
Lead Toxicity in the 21st Century: Will We Still Be Treating It? [Response]
Schoen EJ • 1992
Management of Childhood Lead Poisoning: A Survey
Glotzer DE, Bauchner H • 1992

1985

Contribution of Social/Developmental Factors to Lead Exposure in First Year
Bornschein RL et al • Pediatrics 75(6):1114

1986

Relationship Between Childhood Blood Lead Levels and Stature
Schwartz J et al • Pediatrics 77(3):281
Lead Poisoning in a Child with a Gunshot Wound
Linden MA et al • Pediatrics 77(3):413
Correlates of Low-Level Lead Exposure in Urban Children at Age 2
Bornschein RL et al • Pediatrics 77(6):826
Blood Lead Levels and Dietary Calcium Intake (NHANES II)
Mahaffey KR et al • Pediatrics 78(2):257
Elevated Lead Levels in Children with Nonorganic Failure to Thrive
Bithoney WG et al • Pediatrics 78(5):891

1987

Deleading Dilemma: Pitfall in Management
Barness LA • Pediatrics 79(2):214
AAP Statement on Childhood Lead Poisoning
American Academy of Pediatrics • Pediatrics 79(3):457
Pediatric Lead Poisoning in 1987: The Silent Epidemic Continues
Needleman HL • Pediatrics 79(4):582
Low-Level Fetal Lead Exposure Effect on Neurobehavioral Development
Ernhart CB et al • Pediatrics 80(5):721
Moderately Elevated Blood Lead Levels: Effects on Neuropsychologic Functioning
Fulton M et al • Pediatrics 80(5):623

1988

Interaction of Iron Deficiency and Lead and the Hematologic Findings
Clark M et al • Pediatrics 81(2):247
Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Children (Developing/Industrialized)
Palca J • Pediatrics 82(3):524

1989

Fetal and Infant Lead Exposure: Effects on Growth in Stature
Shukla R et al • Pediatrics 84(4):604

1990

Immobilization-Related Lead Toxicity in Previously Lead-Poisoned Children
Markowitz ME, Weinberger HL • Pediatrics 86(3):455

1991

Low-Level Lead Exposure and Children's Cognitive Function in Preschool Years
Bellinger DC et al • Pediatrics 87(2):219
VACTERL Association with High Prenatal Lead Exposure
Needleman HL et al • Pediatrics 87(3):390
Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Bone Mineralization with Chronic Low-Moderate Lead
Mahaffey KR et al • Pediatrics 87(5):680
Setting the Optimal EP Screening Threshold for Lead Poisoning
DeBaun MR, Sox HC • Pediatrics 88(1):121
Lead Exposure and Growth in Early Preschool Child (Cincinnati Lead Study)
Shukla R et al • Pediatrics 88(5):886
Residential Deleading: Effects on Blood Lead Levels
Amitai Y et al • Pediatrics 88(5):893

1992

Lead Intoxication in Infancy
Shannon MW, Graef JW • Pediatrics 89(1):87
Blood Lead Levels in Children with Foreign Bodies
Wiley JF et al • Pediatrics 89(4):593
Radiographic Evidence of Paint Chip Ingestion, St. Louis
McElvaine MD et al • Pediatrics 89(4):740
Neuroendocrine Effects of Toxic and Low Blood Lead Levels
Huseman CA et al • Pediatrics 90(2):186
Lead Exposure and Paint Chip Ingestion
Dietrich KN et al • Pediatrics 90(4):593
Low-Level Lead Exposure, Intelligence and Academic Achievement (Long-Term Follow-Up)
Bellinger DC et al • Pediatrics 90(6):855
Commentary: Even Advantaged Children Show Cognitive Deficits from Low-Level Lead
Brody DJ et al • Pediatrics 90(6):995
Letters: Paint Chip Radiography
Matte TD et al • Pediatrics 90(6):1007
Letters: Hypothyroidism and Lead
Mayes LC • Pediatrics 90(6):1008

1993

Letters: Newborn Screening
McCabe ERB • Pediatrics 91(1):131
Letters: Breast-Feeding and Lead Risk
Rogan WJ • Pediatrics 91(1):131-a
Lead Exposure and Motor Developmental Status of Urban 6-Year-Olds (Cincinnati)
Dietrich KN et al • Pediatrics 91(2):301
Letters: SSI and Lead Screening
Brashear RE • Pediatrics 91(2):162
Letters: Childhood Vaccine Act
McCain GC • Pediatrics 91(2):160-b
Letters: Lead Treatment Hungary
Lacson AG • Pediatrics 91(2):161
Childhood Lead Poisoning: Definitions and Priorities
Schoen EJ • Pediatrics 91(2):504
Lead Screening Letter
Palca JR • Pediatrics 91(4):854
Preventing Lead Poisoning in Kids: A Win-Win Opportunity
Palca JR • Pediatrics 91(6):1216
Lead Poisoning: From Screening to Primary Prevention
Reigart JR, Graber CD • Pediatrics 92(1):176
Effects of CaNa2EDTA Chelation in Moderate Childhood Lead Poisoning
Liebelt EL et al • Pediatrics 92(2):265
Lead Poisoning: Twenty Years After
Chisolm JJ Jr • Pediatrics 92(3):505

1994

Lead Poisoning Risk Determination via Standardized Questionnaire
Schaffer SJ et al • Pediatrics 93(2):159
Is There Lead in the Suburbs?
Binns HJ et al • Pediatrics 93(2):164
Prevalence of Excess Lead Absorption in HMO Children
Nordin JD et al • Pediatrics 93(2):172
Are Pediatricians Ready for the New Guidelines?
Bar-on ME, Boyle RM • Pediatrics 93(2):178
Development of a Screening Tool for Lead Exposure Risk
Rooney BL et al • Pediatrics 93(2):183
Do Questions About Lead Exposure Predict Elevated Levels?
Tejeda DM et al • Pediatrics 93(2):192
Long-Term Trends in Blood Lead Among Chicago Children
Hayes EB et al • Pediatrics 93(2):195
Should Blood Lead Screening Recommendations Be Revised?
Harvey B • Pediatrics 93(2):201
Plumbing the Depths (Commentary)
Commentary • Pediatrics 93(2):270
Lead Poisoning: From Screening to Primary Prevention
Gellert GA et al • Pediatrics 93(2):343
Letter on Lead Screening
Reigart JR • Pediatrics 93(2):344
Childhood Lead Poisoning in the '90s
Chisolm JJ Jr • Pediatrics 93(3):508
Rural-Urban Blood Lead Differences in North Carolina
Norman EH et al • Pediatrics 94(1):59
Screening for Lead Poisoning by Fingerstick
Palca JR • Pediatrics 94(2):174
Lead Debate Goes On
Chisholm JJ, Needleman HL, Landrigan PJ et al • Pediatrics 94(3):408

1995

Universal Versus Selective Screening
Kawatu R, Serdula MK • Pediatrics 95(1):157
Environmental Lead and Children's Intelligence: Systematic Review
Pocock SJ et al • Pediatrics 95(3):A53
Survey of Lead Exposure Around a Closed Smelter
Lanphear BP et al • Pediatrics 95(4):550
Prevalence of Lead Poisoning Among 2-Year-Olds in Vermont
Sargent JD et al • Pediatrics 96(1):78
AAP Treatment Guidelines for Lead Exposure in Children
American Academy of Pediatrics • Pediatrics 96(1):155
Population-Specific Risk Assessment, Santa Clara County
Binsacca DB et al • Pediatrics 96(4):643
Short-Term Efficacy of Oral DMSA in Low-Moderate Lead Intoxication
Liebelt EL et al • Pediatrics 96(4):683

1996

Blood Lead and Nutritional Factors in Preschool Children
Lucas SR et al • Pediatrics 97(1):74
Identification of Children at Risk: HMO Blood Lead Screening
Palca JR • Pediatrics 97(1):79
Lead Poisoning Risk Determination in a Rural Setting
Palca JR • Pediatrics 97(1):84
Lead Levels, Home Dust, and Proximity to Smelters
Melman ST et al • Pediatrics 97(4):603
Randomized Trial of Dust Control on Children's Blood Lead Levels
Rhoads GG et al • Pediatrics 98(1):35
Blood Lead Screening Practices Among US Pediatricians
Dalton MA et al • Pediatrics 98(3):372
Asymptomatic Children with Venous Lead >100 ug/dL
Palca JR • Pediatrics 98(5):965

1997

Statewide Lead Assessment in Alaska Medicaid Children
Palca JR • Pediatrics 99(4):e9
Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning: Screening Practices in US
Bobbitt SA et al • Pediatrics 100(1):161
New CDC Lead Screening Guidelines: How Will They Affect Pediatricians?
CDC • Pediatrics 100(3):384
Childhood Lead Poisoning from Apple Cider
Staes C et al • Pediatrics 100(6):1048

1998

Lead Levels in High-Risk and Low-Risk Children, Minneapolis-St Paul
Litt IF et al • Pediatrics 101(1):72
Community Characteristics Associated with Elevated Blood Lead
Sargent JD et al • Pediatrics 101(2):264
Low-Level Lead Exposure and Behavior in Early Childhood
Mendelsohn AL et al • Pediatrics 101(3):e10
Anemia and Elevated Lead in Underimmunized Inner-City Children
Kaufman JA et al • Pediatrics 101(3):e6
MRI and Spectroscopy of Brain in Boy with Elevated Blood Lead
Trope I et al • Pediatrics 101(6):e7
AAP Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels
American Academy of Pediatrics • Pediatrics 101(6):1072

2001

Correspondence on Chelation Therapy in Children Exposed to Lead
Multiple authors • NEJM 345(16)